a. minocycline toxicity
b. bleomycin side effect
c. incontinentia pigmentosa
d. acanthosis nigricans
answer : c . this is seen in the vesicular stage of the disease .this is otherwise called bloch sulzberger or bloch siemens syndrome .
Incontinentia pigmenti is also referred to as ‘Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome’, ‘Bloch-Siemens syndrome’, ‘melanoblastosis cutis linearis’, and ‘pigmented dermatosis-Siemens-Bloch type’.
What is incontinentia pigmenti?
Incontinentia pigmenti is a rare genetic condition characterised by skin, eye, teeth and central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. The characteristic skin lesions of incontinentia pigmenti are present at birth or develop in the first few weeks of life in approximately 90% of patients.
What causes incontinentia pigmenti?
Incontinentia pigmenti is a dominant X-linked disease. This means that the abnormal incontinentia pigmenti gene is located on one of the X chromosomes, which determine the sex of a child (XY=male; XX=female). Dominant X-linked disease means that a female with only one copy of the abnormal gene will show the disease, even though they have a normal gene on their other X-chromosome. Males who inherit the abnormal gene do not survive, resulting in miscarriage or stillbirth (X-linked dominant, male lethal syndrome). Rarely incontinentia pigmenti is reported in males with Klinefelter syndrome (XXY syndrome) or as a result of spontaneous mutations.
The incontinentia pigmenti gene is localised on chromosome Xq28. This gene normally codes for the nuclear factor-KB essential modulator protein (the NEMO or NF-kappaB gene).
What are the cutaneous features of incontinentia pigmenti?
Progressive skin rashes are the main clinical feature of the disease. There are four recognised clinical stages but their sequence is irregular, their duration variable and they may overlap.
Stage 1: Vesicular |
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Stage 2: Verrucous |
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Stage 3: Hyperpigmented |
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Stage 4: Atrophic/ hypopigmented |
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Other organ involvement
Other organs may be affected in various ways in patients with incontinentia pigmenti. These manifestations may not be seen or recognised until infancy or early childhood.
Teeth |
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Nails |
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Hair |
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Eyes |
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Central Nervous System |
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What is the treatment for incontinentia pigmenti?
There is no specific treatment for incontinentia pigmenti. The main goal is to prevent secondary bacterial infection of skin lesions and to monitor closely the development of related problems. This should include regular dental care and close monitoring by an ophthalmologist for the first few years of life.
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